Liberation from (i) September 3, 2009
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Only the annihilation of ‘I’ is Liberation. But it can be
gained only by keeping the ‘I’-‘I’ always in view. So the need
for the investigation of the ‘I’-thought. (Talks, 139).
Only the annihilation of ‘I’ is Liberation. >> when the identity is lost, i think even god is lost, so what the fuck does it at all matters if i am liberated or not, just because the state is not definable, or unknown it can be claimed as liberation or salvation.
anyways… the core reason that prompted me to write this post was to share about the revelation about this question….
How the fuck can you seperate I and Self-Awarness, I and Intelligence that is in “your” “you” in “i” brain that very itself is procesing your fucking journey to Salvation and the knowledge which requires you to be “i”.
wait, i have a theory of error happening, i mean the happening of human on this planet.
take a loaf of bread, sprinkle water on it. place it in a closed box for a week, open it, there is a life force on it, a Bacteria…. none another than us, there was some else quite simmilar to this error happened, but we are growing on this bread…. spreading, consuming every idenity of the bread, and eminate rotten foul smell around, however we are all so worried about our survival…………….. ah… here comes “i” survive(ing)….. this is what these people are talking about,
hey guys we are fucking virus, lets not rott the bread to hell, we are unwanted filty fucking fuckers who are an error, and the only way to pack the bags off is by MEDITATING… so that you Kill yourself, i mean i will put it this way.
Like in gajini, he was fortunate that he remembers his identity and his revenge, what if i snatch that part of this gajini? then you are a fuckign a vegitable lunatic.
This is what i am talking about.
Happy killing.
…..contd.
i was talking about the sepearation of i with what ever. here is the contradiction from the same source.
Soul, mind and ego are words. There are no real entities
of the kind. Consciousness is the only truth. (Talks, 245).
Ok the gajini stuff i was talking about here is the orchestral version of it from the source:
Just on waking from sleep and before becoming aware of
the world there is that pure ‘I’—‘I’. Hold it without sleeping or
without allowing thoughts to possess you. If that is held firm it
does not matter even though the world is seen. The seer remains
unaffected by the phenomena. (Talks, 196).
Oh….. happy bacterians out there……. i hope you are all listeing to this 
Your duty is to be; and not to be this or that. ‘I AM THAT
I AM’ sums up the whole truth. The method is, summed up in
‘BE STILL’. What does stillness mean? It means ‘destroy
yourself ’. Because any form or shape is the cause of trouble.
Give up the notion ‘I am so and so’. (Talks, 363).
once again happy killing….. the only life you have …. keep buzy killing it well enough, but remember whether you use these tools or not, you are going to die anyway. and remember that great saying, “you can kill a person, or a dozens of them, but you cant kill a thought, it is bullet proof and death proof”.
( in the death proof context it is infinite, in definition of the “i” which we claim is limited ). you think you are born and die, and is born for the repercussion of the previous birth, i am sorry, i dont buy this crap, the thought is infecting, like a plauge, a pandemic, it spreads to all no matter you are a fucking president too, hence thoughts are like this, body remain the same, the natures of these bodies are governed by the social and global or cumulative consciousness of the humanity. which can not be killed.
Hey i guess, these holy troops are buzy marching to get the machine down. 
lol now Matrix climax makes a lot of sense, and neo’s conversation on a sleepless night, he says something like this, we created machines for our safety, and now we fight against them using the same machines…. how weird. so…humans are killing the human machine…. well done…. this is what i want.
Ok now back to separation stuff…….. Read…………
‘I am that I am’, ‘I am’ is God… not thinking, ‘I am God’.
Realize ‘I am’ and do not think ‘I am’. ‘Know I am God’… it is
said, and not ‘Think I am God’. (Talks, 354).
Now get back to basic English.
what did you understand by ” am dog” answer: nothing, now what did you understand by ” I am dog” I know that the sentence makes sentence. anyways the good part is “am god” is realization, and realization without the help of “i” i have no idea, and i hope you are pretty good at understanding and dealing with it.
let me stop it here…. i havent got enough patience left to continue on this.
Gosay Theory: Necessity is the mother of invention August 20, 2009
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Necessity/Need is the mother of all inventions.
How different is Desire from Need? When the scriptures point how much inferior people we are, as Mortals, and what the right state of living such as “nityaananda” or whatever, then how degrading and insulting it is? People are so passionate towards themselves, and meditating and performing rituals, and what not, however i have known about very few people who quit out of disgrace, I wish i tear apart myself in all possible dimensions to terminate this dangerous, mystical or indefinable NULL, or “I”. No worries, lets come back to the point. If the scriptures says that don’t desire, but act, is a fundamental flaw in its structure of being a human, as Need Leeds to inventions, and invention is an act, and acting without a desire is impossible, unless someone is driven, and let to be driven. so im guessing that these people are telling us to flow, but i ask, flow fucking where? trust the chaos theory, how it will take you to different places that you have not imagined (controlled manifestation of where to be, when you let go this, you are anywhere), humans are fucking great at adopting and adapting skills, and so with a combination of letting go, and adopting and adapting skills, i don’t wonder human will not die, but will still survive, he might get accustomed to live a beggar or a sadhu life, by just letting go all of it, he so much overwhelmed in his contemplations, he will tune his reality, however it’s not an easy task though. whatever it is, stop all these abuse on humans in the name of god. Need – desire – quest – an emotion to learn (adopt) – adapt and emotion to make you feel to use. Moral of he story: the core trinity, Brahma/Saraswathi (who ever fucker doesn’t respects women is a fucker and vice versa) – Need vishnu/Lakshmi – Adopt ,Shiva/Parvathi – Adapt.
I have illustrated the diagram, hope you could understand. Time is an independent, and all the trinity need this component. as any humans to be alive, and thus to relate to the reality thus produced should be a time dependent object only. I is primarily born out of the first iteration of need, adopt, and adapt, however i have shown as a sequential, but it is not like that, i have given an another flaw diagrammatic representation to take one step above the before, it’s like need is a subset of Adopt, or Need is a subset of Adapt, Need progress or stays integrated in both of them, need and adopt must be intact, for the Adapt to manifest, hence need and adopt now become the subset of Adapt. However explanation given using subsets, they are even more intricately fused and worked, If you understand the difference between the gradient and full blown colour, then i am referring to three different colours blended in multiple variations. For additional information i have also illustrated a layer 1, level of inner world, or micro world, how within Brahma/Saraswathi, lies an another world of Trinity, and so on with the other trinity. the evolution concept can be applied to the growth of a human body in the womb, the adopt grows to adopt, and then now need and adopt are well grown and are unite and cannot be differentiated, and the next phase of growth is adapt. this can from here be deviated to law of manifestations. unit cell of intelligence when iterated for a period of time, it becomes a pattern, and pattern repetition becomes a lifestyle and so on… hey, if we were to achieve salvation, we must be targeting the unit cell of intelligence, visualise this as a dna. so i have no idea how to overwrite the code without physical intervention.
Not In This Lifetime August 20, 2009
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how is it a feeling that you are not going to get it in this life time? and you die old feeling bad about it?
People will tell, think of what is already there and try to find happiness from it…… I say Fuck you matherchodh.
If people talk about Freedom, why not i ask what i want, do what i want, least im not hurting none, i ask to fulfill my urges, how is the urges being scrutinesed by good or bad, i could agree if my urge hurts the other, i could consider to talk to myself and said no, but how the is it bad in anyway, to claim …..my happiness.
nothing is perfect in this world, the fuker doesnt seems to be giving all of it to all. but still is this a fair trade at all? for what shall i claim salvation or his name, for what has been done to me that i bow down to him, just because he is good at some fancy gimics, i have to obay, then i would rather say fuck you.
what ever it is, its all fucked up. and see no meaning in my writings, it almost looks confused, like struck some where in the dream and awake. which world do i belong to? which state of mind is this functioning, now who am i?
fuckin hell, is some one trying to steal my idetinty, am i loosing my identity, am i becoming mad? or a saint,lol?
i love you mom, im sorry i cant fix things for you.
Me and My Guru August 3, 2009
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It was Said:
Just a thot…
I guess, just like surrender, the faith in Guru’s words is at its paramount when you “become” the Self as soon as He says “Thou Art That”. The trust/belief/faith in His words makes him believe that he must be “That” just because his Master says so and Lo! it “transforms” him to “That”!Glory to whoever attains that level of faith/trust!!
Glory to that Master one who can instill such a faith in His devotee!!!
Glory to that Holy Feet!
Let’s Digg:
From the above saying we can observe that there are two role players, The self and The Guru and the transactions between them are primary “Faith” and “Objective specific affirmations”.
From the above understandings, Let us substitute with the The self = Self Mind/Listener/learner/explorer/acceptor, and Guru = Mind/Mind effect/Memory/information/self/Aham.
Now with this perspective: read through once again.
Glory to whoever attains that level of faith/trust!!
Glory to that Master one who can instill such a faith in His devotee!!!
Glory to that Holy Feet!
Havent been doing this since our civilization? havent this addressed as the primary issue among all the scriptures?
Now lets Chant, Who am i ? …….
Fuck….I shouldnt have ever started this.
Surrender – Ramana & Krishna POV August 3, 2009
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The following is from the talk given by Sri V. S. Ramanan, President of Sri Ramanasramam, in New York City at the September 8th, 2002 “Advent at Arunachala” program.
The whole life of Bhagavan Sri Ramana Maharshi is a commentary on saranagati (surrender). When he left Madurai for good, he took just the train fare to Tiruvannamalai, threw away the packets of sweets given to him by Muthukrishna Bhagavathara’s wife and was not anxious for the morrow. He tore off from his dhoti only a strip for a kaupina (loin cloth) and he did not even think of using the remaining cloth as a towel. This is total surrender.
>> The Very best teachers for this is Animals and plants, which I would sum to the Nature. The nature is taken care of, We are born naked and we die naked, the rest is all dust on this body, hence I REJECT all of it, I choose to continue to be as bare, NAKED.
Surrender is a practical proposition. It releases the devotee from life’s dilemma. Wherever Sri Krishna teaches about saranagati in the Bhagavad Gita he refers to ananya bhakti, where the instrument and the goal are one and the same. The same idea is stated by Sri Bhagavan in the fifth verse of “Arunachala Pancharatnam”:
One who surrenders his heart wholly to you,
>> One who stops exerting force with a desire to live, with all the matter added over on the flesh, has to be stopped at first. Then and then only he will understand where he is, or what he is (Law of relativity). That means the preparation to understand the question even better.
one who sees you in every aspect of creation,
>> How ever what one yealids from his pursuits, but one should see all as one, with dignity, love, respect, which are an epitome of God, or atleast goodness at its basics.
one who loves every creation as himself
>> well if a person to love others, means he can feel the pain of any persons pain, that means he must first love his self, and due course must understand that he or his thoughts are not quite different from the others, hence if he deserves liberation, so do all need, however if they know that they need this as a solution or not, even though they don’t have the understandings to commit to be liberated, as I was one resisted or distant to this moment of realisation, I bow down with respect to the fellow humans, who will soon find their way out.
he is the one who will succeed,
>> Will he? Will he know at all? I wish, anyways…. I don’t know….
O Arunachala!
he will get immersed in you!
>> Oh, He will become a zero or an infinity, which anyways is nothing.
Here Sri Bhagavan stresses ananya bhakti and self-surrender.
It is interesting to note that Sri Krishna says, “Do not grieve.” After surrendering yourself totally to God, you should not even worry about your own shortcomings or flaws. For if you think you have to improve yourself after surrender, then it indicates a residual ego in you. Hence, don’t grieve about your flaws after surrender. It only shows your surrender is incomplete. Bhagavan says after getting into a train, nobody carries the luggage on his head. He keeps it on the luggage-rack. Likewise, after surrendering, do not continue to carry your mental luggage. Leave it totally to His care.
After surrender you should not have 1) worries, 2) fear, 3) doubt, 4) sorrow, 5) the inclination to test whether surrender is effective or not and 6) aberrations (conflicts).
>> Well Surrender is to Stop thinking, that means, there should not be any purpose driven, that means there is no desire, there is nothing to achieve there is nothing to lose, there is no reason anymore to be happy, hence no reason to be sorrow for, there is no conflicts, hence there is no point to making a connection. By REJECTing or practicing all of these to imprint the identity, or to Identity Override is done in every possible situation, then thus person is called as Saints, but for me, They are now completely fucked up.
Can (i) ? August 2, 2009
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What if Statement:
Can I offer the duality in mind as padukas to Thy Holy Feet?
Then Do:
You are a Programmer, Now Assuming that If the ” I ” from every line was terminated, what is the out put the Statement?
How Distant is “I” far away from the realization of “Holy” or “God”?
Would you ever know about “God”?
But all these are hypothetical, But now i ask, ” How do you define?” or Validate the presence of God?” and what if the Mind simulated, what has been contemplation so long and so vividly? How would you Validate that the output thus generated is flagged as “Liberated”?
Finish:
How Mouna is the utmost eloquence. Peace is utmost activity ? August 2, 2009
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Before I comment on the Quote: I will have to share this beautiful insightful movie, This is a fight that takes place between the Lord Vishnu and Lakshmi, And this due to Narada who was the culprit, one line to give you a picture of what they were debating about who was the great, Vishnu said, who is the one who created the 7 lokas, then Lakshmi says, tell me who is the one who is running the show there? hence this shows the dependency law, and the law of duality.
Now i once wrote, that dont meditate, as it is a tool to kill yourself.
Like how every computer has its healthy state which is the duty of the Anti-Virus(immunity) to Guard the malwares not to intrude or harm the wellbeingness of the System (Self), so one such kind of Virus, i love to call them as Trojan, the toughest nuts in that category, is a question called “who am i?” i feel i lost great amount of sense in the reality and the controlled process of talking about any of that you guys are talking.
i cant understand now many stuff.
Now what is the difference between the insane man and sane man?
What is the difference between the human and animal?
and so Human and the vegetable?
so based on the question its easy to say, that the level of the identity (aham – Self) is deteriorating. however my friends can be just waiting to pounce on me saying that, they are low level souls, and you guys are talking about the magical or higher souls…. but i hate this discrimination of to communicate, but i see that this kind of racial discrimination is only when the fuckign mind is there, and without it its a thought is like a working bulb without a holder.
The thought is Hardware(body) dependent.(dont drag me to the soul, body issue )
to me, the meditation(s) or what ever these people are telling me, are only hinting me to become a vegetable, which has a life force but not brain.
If i stop to think, which is the very functionality of the brain, the body will adapt to some kind of abnormal habitat, now observing silence is one such Trojan to attack the OS, and this is will by all means by fought from the within.
but since the Dam God is always associated with GOOD, hence peace is the out most happening. and not way about BAD. But what he said is True.
>> Read These Lines Of Devotee Expressing His/Her Poing of view: Today, as I was reading one of Maharshi’s books, I caught myself feeling that I probably don’t love Maharshi Himself; that I am probably using Him - using Him to attain my desire to be liberated.
Example 2:
Question: Does not total or complete surrender require that one should not have left even the desire for liberation or God?
Sri Ramana Maharshi: Complete surrender does require that you have no desire of your own. You must be satisfied with whatever God gives you and that means having no desires of your own.
Now its Very clear how the Peace Act is still a Plus Point as, these kind of people are called as good people by the fellow humans.
is surrender and understanding – same thing ? August 2, 2009
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First Re-Write the Question to understand the question well:
If
ac•cep•tance (k-sptns)
n.
1. The act or process of accepting.
2. The state of being accepted or acceptable.
3. Favorable reception; approval.
4. Belief in something; agreement.
sur•ren•der (s-rndr)
v. sur•ren•dered, sur•ren•der•ing, sur•ren•ders
v.tr.
1. To relinquish possession or control of to another because of demand or compulsion.
2. To give up in favor of another.
3. To give up or give back (something that has been granted): surrender a contractual right.
4. To give up or abandon: surrender all hope.
5. To give over or resign (oneself) to something, as to
is surrender and understanding – same thing ?
Answer:
First the question seems to be either incomplete. Assuming that the understanding referred is contextually assumed as the understandings of the pre- surrender, then i think understanding is a subset/precede of the story/event of the happening “Surrender”
In reference to what one of the member expressed: I believe that there are two states of the mind that it can process. Physical and its own state, that is Mind. I often wonder how the brain effect ie Mind produces its aliases which are so distinct to the majorities that it is intellectual and emotional, however is it as “Mythologicaly” Shiva and shakthi (duality) or the Masculine and the feminine, having said this, based on this attributes, i can classify anything into this category, hence the understanding is an process of the intellectual property and its output rather given to radiate its impact, or its Subjective-objective oriented effects are been executed by the emotional OS of a person ( Every person is emotionally driven, and has a purposes of that one is aware within the limits of introspection or not).
After this complicated explanation though, these are nothing but the brain effects, called as illusion, and this what Ramana, said it quite well, Who the fuck am i?
Sorry for my abusive words, but if you feel what i feel, im sure, you will not be surprised to say so.
Part B
objective – At the time of Thinking.
Purpose – At the time of Acting.
Based on the Objective and the purpose, the appropriate, ways of assimilation is derived.
Of which it could be devotion, peace or anything for that matter.
This Task, has a methodology, and Techniques.
Methodology: is like a framework.
Technique: is the usage of tools or resources.
Now to manifest the objective, a person can adapt to or keep adopting on the fly until the task is achieved.
so for all this, there is a definite amount of Knowledge required. Hence i would like to share a quote that i once wrote, “It needs Wisdom to understand Wisdom” , that means, if i don’t have the understanding of the Godness or Goodness, how would i ever know about salvation, peace or liberation?
It is as rational as this: If you were never born, then there is no question of achieving or loosing anything.
The same way, if there is no exposure to the human life, then there is nothing about the humans to be talked about, like god (which is only permissible in human domain), and not acknowledge in any other domain.
Hence Understanding is a must, for Surrenderence.
Part C
Q:
is not that -understand Maya and surrender to The SOURCE ?
Answer:
> How different is it from the “Maya” that you are referring to is different to “Source” ?
> Lets is assume that the statement was right.
“I understand the maya, and surrender to the Source”
Kindly look into how the chain reaction is “I”
in that statement, you will see ( I > Maya > Surrender > Source )
If there was no “I” the way it believes to be, that is being Human, then there is no Maya, and then no issue of Surrender to anyone, and hence No Source.
—(1)
Now If I am that?
If i am the Creator, then i know or dont know the maya, and i know or dont know about surrender or i know or dont know about the Source. as these knowing is not at all a question probably at that time, as i dont know what i was doing. for example: do you think or see what a red blood cell Id no: 194y343734jf8439 is doing in your body? Can you see it? or feel it ? DAM NO!. 
—-(2)
Now Ask how different is (1) different from (2)?
Well, If i understood Maya alone, i really wonder how can any one trust anything at all? will that person not be in a perpetual illusion of believing and anything and everything is maya, then GOd too is a part of it.
Hence this is a bullshit attempt to digg deep this rabbit hole. as in another talk of his, try attain the peace, lets see what follows later.
As we human crooks, always think and want one step or more above us. and im sure we will be wanting more, and there is more to gather further. and hence lets not get greedy quickly enough. and lets enjoy! have fun! take a chil pil
re: In search of Truth July 30, 2009
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Assumption: You are in search of truth.
Scenario: you lost a Object, you search for it, you enquired me, i asked how doest it look like? you explained me, I replied NO , i didnt see it.
Anatomy: Definition of the Object(Truth), Event association – lost, Act – Search > is it Valid?, Ask me- Right place? how does it look like – So you must know the truth to validate to claim it.
It seems recently i learnt that in databases if there are loops, then the any amount of time for executing transformations is insufficient , so as the questions like this.
There is a hairline gap between the sanity and insanity, from where i share this perspective
Editors’ cut June 15, 2009
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Take a finished movie Reel – Lets assume This is “I”
Take a scissors, and seperate all the frames, now rejoin them all randomly and then play the outpu. — What do you see/hear/get?
So : “I” is not just the name, the form, but its a sum of all. and hence it exists from birth to death only. the I or the information that the mind holds has to be sensible to claim the I, otherwise they are called mentally retarded people.
Mather Chot June 5, 2009
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To the reader, to the listner.
I ask you, do you have a problem?
Do you have a serious problem?
have you ever been in a serious problem, that hurted you so badly? if you going it through now, then do you feel the pain?
It hurts isnt it?
> Contemplate, what exactly it hurts?
> who is hurting whom?
> Think, WHat is Hurt, How to hurt other, how do you feel it?
We are born, we die, We have a body that has responses. the body needs the survival suplaments, food, water, air, shelter, fire.
Where is the hurt born?
where is it living?
What i want, what i need?
Look at your body, feel it for a moment, take to speak to it.
Ask it, are standing on the thorns to hurt you?
are you starving?
are you amituated?
what is hurting you?
how can i help you ease this pain?
.:Scilence:.
Gosay Theory of Homo sapiens Architecture – 2 May 18, 2009
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Today i was searching for supporting article of my previous nights conversation(“Human Vision,Perseverence, Frames/Sec”) with my friend. In reference to it, i was wondering, what a huge amount of the Data as the brain actually generating the reality.
Its So fuckign Rich in Quality and consistence.
We human must have the same architecture.
The Human Body also equipped and can be mapped as per the above diagram. All the Data inputs are Human Sesory Organs. And the Memory Hard Disk Drive is the memory storage. Processor is a Kind of Progrmmed Processor (Virtually) to Create, Edit, Update, Delete Memeories.
To process the all the Data inputs, there must be a RAM or a Working memory that i constantly storing, facilitating, Flushing the Data.
I am Wondering, What kind of a Machine is it , If i always went gogo gaga onwith my Laptop, what about this body?
what Volume of data is this machine processsing?
Fucking stupid machine.
Anatomy of Daniel Tammet – A Savant May 15, 2009
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Daniel Tammet – The Boy With The Incredible Brain [1/5]
Speculation: Can the above person be mapped to this test to check what image do they render, Versus the normal people response to the same test?
More info: Here
Speculation:
Can Allosphere Test give any more insights to learn more about the people like him?
From his point of view does the question sounds true? ” Like the vibgjor emerges from the white light, do the numbers have a common source?”
If Numbers are assosiated to the quantities, or quantify, means they have shapes, is there is a new language of expression that is he capable of teaching what is in his mind?
Brainallosphere May 15, 2009
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JoAnn Kuchera-Morin: Tour the AlloSphere, a stunning new way to see scientific data
Speculation: How different is the Brain Act of processing different from the Allosphere?
Speculation: What kind of sound? Visual? Would that be when proccesing the sum of our life? is this is the anything that we can relate to near death experience or other type of Spirutual Experieance termed as samadhi, Nirvana?
Gosay Theory of Homo sapiens Architecture May 15, 2009
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Hypothesis: The human Brain/Mind is the Operating System and the Pheripherals like the data inputs are like the Human organs such as eye, limbs, lungs..etc. Like In the Computer/System the Hardware installs its software in the form of firmware or Device Driver, the human organs are designed to interact with the human brain by the similar mechanism. The Functionality of the Human brain or its capabilities is all simmilar to that of the utility softwares in a computer system.
Speculation: Is the Eye designed to work with brain, or the brain designed to learn the organ to how to use it?
Speculation: if either of the speculation is true, is this natural selection of the organs? to become a species? is there a pattern?
Speculation: Can the human mind accomidate a new organ? that will designed to function with a new abilities if its harwired to the brain? Can the brain learn to work with this new organ? Can stem cell or cloning help in this issue?
Speculation: Can we create new Organs? that which are not exisiting? If so what New organs do the humans body can be or needs one?
Computer software
Computer software, or just software is a general term used to describe a collection of computer programs, procedures and documentation that perform some task on a computer system.[1]
Types of software
Practical computer systems divide software systems into three major classes: system software, programming software and application software, although the distinction is arbitrary, and often blurred.
System software
System software helps run the computer hardware and computer system. It includes:
(these things need not be distinct)
The purpose of systems software is to unburden the applications programmer from the details of the particular computer complex being used, including such accessory devices as communications, printers, readers, displays, keyboards, etc. And also to partition the computer’s resources such as memory and processor time in a safe and stable manner.
Device driver
In computing, a device driver or software driver is a computer program allowing higher-level computer programs to interact with a hardware device.
A driver typically communicates with the device through the computer bus or communications subsystem to which the hardware is connected. When a calling program invokes a routine in the driver, the driver issues commands to the device. Once the device sends data back to the driver, the driver may invoke routines in the original calling program. Drivers are hardware-dependent and operating-system-specific. They usually provide the interrupt handling required for any necessary asynchronous time-dependent hardware interface.
Utility software
Utility software (also known as service program, service routine, tool, or utility routine) is computer software designed to help manage and tune the computer hardware, operating system or application software by performing a single task or a small range of tasks. Some utility software has been integrated into most major operating systems.
== Examples == look
- Disk storage utilities
-
- Disk defragmenters can detect computer files whose contents are stored on the hard disk in disjointed fragments, and move the fragments together to increase efficiency.
- Disk checkers can scan the contents of a hard disk to find files or areas that are corrupted in some way, or were not correctly saved, and eliminate them for a more efficiently operating hard drive.
- Disk cleaners can find files that are unnecessary to computer operation, or take up considerable amounts of space. Disk cleaner helps the user to decide what to delete when their hard disk is full.
- Disk partitioners can divide an individual drive into multiple logical drives, each with its own filesystem which can be mounted by the operating system and treated as an individual drive.
- Backup utilities can make a copy of all information stored on a disk, and restore either the entire disk (e.g. in an event of disk failure) or selected files (e.g. in an event of accidental deletion).
- Disk compression utilities can transparently compress/uncompress the contents of a disk, increasing the capacity of the disk.
- File managers provide a convenient method of performing routine data management tasks, such as deleting, renaming, cataloging, uncataloging, moving, copying, merging, generating and modifying data sets.
- Archive utilities output a stream or a single file when provided with a directory or a set of files. Archive utilities, unlike archive suites, usually do not include compression or encryption capabilities. Some archive utilities may even have a separate un-archive utility for the reverse operation.
- System profilers provide detailed information about the software installed and hardware attached to the computer.
- Anti-virus utilities scan for computer viruses.
- Text and Hex/ Editors directly modify the text or data of a file. These files could be data or an actual program.
- Data compression utilities output a shorter stream or a smaller file when provided with a stream or file.
- Cryptographic utilities encrypt and decrypt streams and files.
- Launcher applications provide a convenient access point for application software.
- Registry cleaners clean and optimize the Windows registry by removing old registry keys that are no longer in use.
- Network managers check the computer’s network, log events and check data transfer.
Operating system
Operating system (commonly abbreviated to either OS or O/S) is an interface between hardware and user; it is responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the limited resources of the computer. The operating system acts as a host for applications that are run on the machine. As a host, one of the purposes of an operating system is to handle the details of the operation of the hardware. This relieves application programs from having to manage these details and makes it easier to write applications. Almost all computers, including handheld computers, desktop computers, supercomputers, and even video game consoles, use an operating system of some type. Some of the oldest models may however use an embedded operating system, that may be contained on a compact disk or other data storage device.
Operating systems offer a number of services to application programs and users. Applications access these services through application programming interfaces (APIs) or system calls. By invoking these interfaces, the application can request a service from the operating system, pass parameters, and receive the results of the operation. Users may also interact with the operating system with some kind of software user interface (UI) like typing commands by using command line interface (CLI) or using a graphical user interface (GUI, commonly pronounced “gooey”). For hand-held and desktop computers, the user interface is generally considered part of the operating system. On large multi-user systems like Unix and Unix-like systems, the user interface is generally implemented as an application program that runs outside the operating system. (Whether the user interface should be included as part of the operating system is a point of contention.)
Common contemporary operating systems include Mac OS, Windows, Linux, BSD and Solaris. While servers generally run on Unix or Unix-like systems, embedded device markets are split amongst several operating systems.[1][2]
How Your Brain Works
Freudenrich, Ph.D., Craig. “How Your Brain Works.” 06 June 2001. HowStuffWorks.com. <http://health.howstuffworks.com/brain.htm> 14 May 2009.
Inside this Article
Our Brain: The Brain Stem
The human brain.
See more brain pictures.
Every animal you can think of — mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, amphibians — has a brain. But the human brain is unique. It gives us the power to think, plan, speak, imagine… It is truly an amazing organ.
The brain performs an incredible number of tasks:
- It controls body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate and breathing.
- It accepts a flood of information about the world around you from your various senses (seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, touching, etc).
- It handles physical motion when walking, talking, standing or sitting.
- It lets you think, dream, reason and experience emotions.
All of these tasks are coordinated, controlled and regulated by an organ that is about the size of a small head of cauliflower: your brain.
Your brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves make up a complex, integrated information-processing and control system. The scientific study of the brain and nervous system is called neuroscience or neurobiology. Because the field of neuroscience is so vast, and the brain and nervous system so complex, this article will start at the beginning and give you an overview of this amazing organ.
In this article, we will examine the structures of the brain and what each one does. With this general overview of the brain, you will be able to understand concepts such as motor control, visual processing, auditory processing, sensation, learning, memory and emotions, which we will cover in detail in future articles.
Hard-wired
The brain is “hard-wired” with connections, much like a skyscraper or airplane is hard-wired with electrical wiring. In the case of the brain, the connections are made by neurons that connect the sensory inputs and motor outputs with centers in the various lobes of the cortex. There are also connections between these cortical centers and other parts of the brain.
Several areas of the cerebrum have specialized functions:
- Parietal lobe – The parietal lobe receives and processes all somatosensory input from the body (touch, pain).
- Fibers from the spinal cord are distributed by the thalamus to various parts of the parietal lobe.
- The connections form a map of the body’s surface on the parietal lobe. This map is called a homunculus.
- The homunculus looks rather strange because the representation of each area is related to the number of sensory neuronal connections, not the physical size of the area. (See What Does Your “Homunculus” Look Like? Mapping Your Brain for details on how to determine your own homunculus.)
 Homunculus, a sensory map of your body. The homunculus looks rather strange because the representation of each area is related to the number of sensory neuronal connections, not the physical size of the area. |
- The rear of the parietal lobe (next to the temporal lobe) has a section called Wernicke’s area, which is important for understanding the sensory (auditory and visual) information associated with language. Damage to this area of the brain produces what is called sensory aphasia, in which patients cannot understand language but can still produce sounds.
Frontal lobe – The frontal lobe is involved in motor skills (including speech) and cognitive functions. The motor center of the brain (pre-central gyrus) is located in the rear of the frontal lobe, just in front of the parietal lobe. It receives connections from the somatosensory portion in the parietal lobe and processes and initiates motor functions. Like the homunculus in the parietal lobe, the pre-central gyrus has a motor map of the brain (for details, see A Science Odyssey: You Try It – Probe the Brain Activity). An area on the left side of the frontal lobe, called Broca’s area, processes language by controlling the muscles that make sounds (mouth, lips and larynx). Damage to this area results in motor aphasia, in which patients can understand language but cannot produce meaningful or appropriate sounds. Remaining areas of the frontal lobe perform associative processes (thought, learning, memory). Your browser does not support JavaScript or it is disabled. Diagram highlighting the functional areas of the brain Occipital lobe – The occipital lobe receives and processes visual information directly from the eyes and relates this information to the parietal lobe (Wernicke’s area) and motor cortex (frontal lobe). One of the things it must do is interpret the upside-down images of the world that are projected onto the retina by the lens of the eye. Temporal lobe – The temporal lobe processes auditory information from the ears and relates it to Wernicke’s area of the parietal lobe and the motor cortex of the frontal lobe. Insula – The insula influences automatic functions of the brainstem. For example, when you hold your breath, impulses from your insula suppress the medulla’s breathing centers. The insula also processes taste information. Hippocampus – The hippocampus is located within the temporal lobe and is important for short-term memory. Amygdala – The amygdala is located within the temporal lobe and controls social and sexual behavior and other emotions. Basal ganglia – The basal ganglia work with the cerebellum to coordinate fine motions, such as fingertip movements. Limbic system – The limbic system is important in emotional behavior and controlling movements of visceral muscles (muscles of the digestive tract and body cavities).
How does the brain create an uninterrupted view of the world?
by Julia Layton
Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks article:
Layton, Julia. “How does the brain create an uninterrupted view of the world?.” 15 November 2006. HowStuffWorks.com. <http://health.howstuffworks.com/steady-view.htm> 14 May 2009.
Inside this Article
Stronger Brains
 See more brain pictures. |
If you’ve ever made your own movie using a camcorder, you’ve probably noticed that the picture can be pretty shaky as you move from one image to the next. In all but the steadiest hands, there’s an unstable transition between one focused object and the next. But for most of us, our eyes — the video cameras of our brain, if you will — suffer no unstable transition as they move quickly over a scene. The world remains stable no matter how quickly or erratically we change our focus.
Scientists have known about and even understood this phenomenon for decades. To achieve a stable view despite quick eye movements, the eyes do an amazing thing: They take before and after shots of every focused image and compare them in order to confirm stability. That sounds a little complicated, but the process itself is pretty straightforward (and ingenious): Before your eyes actually sense an object, your brain takes its own picture of that object for comparison purposes. It knows where your eyes are going to move next, and it forms an image of the object that precedes our conscious, visual perception of it. Then, when our eyes do perceive that object in a sensory way (meaning we can see it), our brain has already laid the framework for a smooth transition. There’s no shakiness and no instability. The brain has anticipated what our eyes are going to see, and it uses that anticipatory image for comparison to make sure the world has indeed remained stable in the split-second between the before shot and the after shot.
So the process is in the books. But scientists have spent at least 50 years trying to find out how the brain manages this feat. A study published in the online edition of the journal Nature offers insight into the mechanism that lets our brain see what our eyes are going to see before our eyes even see it. Scientists believe they have found a neural pathway that may explain the brain’s anticipation of our eye movements. (Neurons are the message carriers in the brain. They form pathways that carry signals from one part of the brain to another.)
Before we can understand exactly how this process works, we need to know a little about the various parts of the brain. Read on to learn more.
Parts of the Brain
Before we get to the pathway itself, let’s define a few of the major brain areas the study reports as being involved in conveying the information:
- Midbrain: The midbrain links the parts of the brain that control motor functions and voluntary ear and eye actions.
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- Thalamus: The thalamus receives sensory information (coming in from the ears and eyes) and passes it on to the area of the brain that handles that particular sensory data. It also assists in the exchange of motor (movement) information between various parts of the brain.
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- Motor cortex: The motor cortex is involved in controlling voluntary movements, like eye movements.
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The thalamus is located in the somatic sensory cortex, and the motor cortex is in the frontal lobe. The visual cortex delivers data to the sensory cortex telling it what our eyes are perceiving, and the sensory cortex interprets it.
What the study discovered is a pathway between the motor cortex and the visual cortex that activates visual neurons before the eye itself actually moves. According to one of the study’s authors, Marc Sommer of the University of Pittsburgh, a signal from the motor cortex tells the visual cortex to shift its focus to where the eye is planning to move next. This neural pathway starts in the midbrain, which has access to data from the motor cortex related to eye movement.
This data indicates what the eye is about to do next — it’s a copy of the signal the motor cortex is sending to the visual cortex to tell the eye to move. Neurons in the midbrain pass that information on to the thalamus, which sends the information to neurons in the visual cortex, telling them to shift their “perception window” to match the upcoming command. The new, unperceived image from the shifted window arrives at the somatic sensory cortex, where it is soon joined by the visual image perceived by that same shift a moment later. When the somatic sensory cortex interprets the visual signal coming in from the primary visual cortex, it compares it to the prior view of the same scene. As long as both views are the same, it interprets “stability” and simply filters out any shakiness in the transition from one visual image to another.
The study’s authors expect this finding to lead to further understanding of other uninterrupted sensory transitions, such as the constant perception of sound that occurs even as you turn your head in different directions.
How Vision Works
Bianco, Carl. “How Vision Works.” 01 April 2000. HowStuffWorks.com. <http://health.howstuffworks.com/eye.htm> 14 May 2009.
Inside this Article
flashfilm/Getty Images
Although small in size, the eye is a very complex organ.
It’s no accident that the main function of the sun at the center of our solar system is to provide light. Light is what drives life. It’s hard to imagine our world and life without it.
The sensing of light by living things is almost universal. Plants use light through photosynthesis to grow. Animals use light to hunt their prey or to sense and escape from predators.
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Some say that it is the development of stereoscopic vision, along with the development of the large human brain and the freeing of hands from locomotion, that have allowed humans to evolve to such a high level.
In this article, we’ll discuss the amazing inner workings of the human eye!
Perceiving Light
When light enters the eye, it first passes through the cornea, then the aqueous humor, lens and vitreous humor. Ultimately it reaches the retina, which is the light-sensing structure of the eye. The retina contains two types of cells, called rods and cones. Rods handle vision in low light, and cones handle color vision and detail. When light contacts these two types of cells, a series of complex chemical reactions occurs. The chemical that is formed (activated rhodopsin) creates electrical impulses in the optic nerve. Generally, the outer segment of rods are long and thin, whereas the outer segment of cones are more, well, cone shaped. Below is an example of a rod and a cone:
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The outer segment of a rod or a cone contains the photosensitive chemicals. In rods, this chemical is called rhodopsin; in cones, these chemicals are called color pigments. The retina contains 100 million rods and 7 million cones. The retina is lined with black pigment called melanin — just as the inside of a camera is black — to lessen the amount of reflection. The retina has a central area, called the macula, that contains a high concentration of only cones. This area is responsible for sharp, detailed vision.
When light enters the eye, it comes in contact with the photosensitive chemical rhodopsin (also called visual purple). Rhodopsin is a mixture of a protein called scotopsin and 11-cis-retinal — the latter is derived from vitamin A (which is why a lack of vitamin A causes vision problems). Rhodopsin decomposes when it is exposed to light because light causes a physical change in the 11-cis-retinal portion of the rhodopsin, changing it to all-trans retinal. This first reaction takes only a few trillionths of a second. The 11-cis-retinal is an angulated molecule, while all-trans retinal is a straight molecule. This makes the chemical unstable. Rhodopsin breaks down into several intermediate compounds, but eventually (in less than a second) forms metarhodopsin II (activated rhodopsin). This chemical causes electrical impulses that are transmitted to the brain and interpreted as light. Here is a diagram of the chemical reaction we just discussed:
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Activated rhodopsin causes electrical impulses in the following way:
- The cell membrane (outer layer) of a rod cell has an electric charge. When light activates rhodopsin, it causes a reduction in cyclic GMP, which causes this electric charge to increase. This produces an electric current along the cell. When more light is detected, more rhodopsin is activated and more electric current is produced.
- This electric impulse eventually reaches a ganglion cell, and then the optic nerve.
- The nerves reach the optic chasm, where the nerve fibers from the inside half of each retina cross to the other side of the brain, but the nerve fibers from the outside half of the retina stay on the same side of the brain.
- These fibers eventually reach the back of the brain (occipital lobe). This is where vision is interpreted and is called the primary visual cortex. Some of the visual fibers go to other parts of the brain to help to control eye movements, response of the pupils and iris, and behavior.
Eventually, rhodopsin needs to be re-formed so that the process can recur. The all-trans retinal is converted to 11-cis-retinal, which then recombines with scotopsin to form rhodopsin to begin the process again when exposed to light.
Color Vision
The color-responsive chemicals in the cones are called cone pigments and are very similar to the chemicals in the rods. The retinal portion of the chemical is the same, however the scotopsin is replaced with photopsins. Therefore, the color-responsive pigments are made of retinal and photopsins. There are three kinds of color-sensitive pigments:
- Red-sensitive pigment
- Green-sensitive pigment
- Blue-sensitive pigment
Each cone cell has one of these pigments so that it is sensitive to that color. The human eye can sense almost any gradation of color when red, green and blue are mixed.
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In the diagram above, the wavelengths of the three types of cones (red, green and blue) are shown. The peak absorbancy of blue-sensitive pigment is 445 nanometers, for green-sensitive pigment it is 535 nanometers, and for red-sensitive pigment it is 570 nanometers.
